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Stasi
The Ministry for State Security (German: ''Ministerium für Staatssicherheit'', MfS), commonly known as the Stasi () (abbreviation (ドイツ語:Staatssicherheit), literally State Security), also State Security Service (German ''Staatssicherheitsdienst'', SSD), was the official state security service of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), or Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR), colloquially known as East Germany. It has been described as one of the most effective and repressive intelligence and secret police agencies to have ever existed.〔Chambers, Madeline,(No remorse from Stasi as Berlin marks fall of Wall ), Reuters, 4 Nov 2009.〕〔(Angela Merkel 'turned down' job from Stasi ), ''The Daily Telegraph'', 14 November 2012.〕〔Connolly, Kate,('Puzzlers' reassemble shredded Stasi files, bit by bit ), ''The Los Angeles Times'', 1 November 2009.〕〔Calio, Jim, (The Stasi Prison Ghosts ), ''The Huffington Post'', 18 November 2009.〕〔Rosenberg, Steve, (Computers to solve Stasi puzzle ), BBC, 25 May 2007.〕〔(New Study Finds More Stasi Spooks ), ''Der Spiegel'', 11 March 2008.〕 The Stasi was headquartered in East Berlin, with an extensive complex in Berlin-Lichtenberg and several smaller facilities throughout the city. The Stasi motto was "''Schild und Schwert der Partei''" (Shield and Sword of the Party), referring to the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED).
One of its main tasks was spying on the population, mainly through a vast network of citizens turned informants, and fighting any opposition by overt and covert measures, including hidden psychological destruction of dissidents (''Zersetzung'', literally meaning decomposition). Its ''Main Directorate for Reconnaissance'' ((ドイツ語:Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung)) was responsible for both espionage and for conducting covert operations in foreign countries. Under its long-time head Markus Wolf, it gained a reputation as one of the most effective intelligence agencies of the Cold War. Numerous Stasi officials were prosecuted for their crimes after 1990. After German reunification, the surveillance files that the Stasi had maintained on millions of East Germans were laid open, so that any citizen could inspect their personal file on request; these files are now maintained by the Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records.
== Creation ==
The Stasi was founded on 8 February 1950. Wilhelm Zaisser was the first Minister of State Security of the GDR, and Erich Mielke was his deputy. Zaisser tried to depose SED General Secretary Walter Ulbricht after the June 1953 uprising,〔() pp. 53–85〕 but was instead removed by Ulbricht and replaced with Ernst Wollweber thereafter. Wollweber resigned in 1957 after clashes with Ulbricht and Erich Honecker, and was succeeded by his deputy, Erich Mielke.
In 1957, Markus Wolf became head of the Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung (HVA) (Main Reconnaissance Administration), the foreign intelligence section of the Stasi. As intelligence chief, Wolf achieved great success in penetrating the government, political and business circles of West Germany with spies. The most influential case was that of Günter Guillaume, which led to the downfall of West German Chancellor Willy Brandt in May 1974. In 1986, Wolf retired and was succeeded by Werner Grossmann.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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